ShutForest

Number Game, The brakeman, the fireman, and the engineer

2005-04-05T23:35:00.000-07:00

The names, not necessarily respectively, of the brakeman, fireman, and engineer of a certain train were Smith, Jones, and Robinson. Three passengers on the train happened to have the same names and, in order to distinguish

Chelyabinsk

2005-04-05T07:01:00.000-07:00

The oblast, in the Urals

Trigonal System

2005-04-04T21:09:00.000-07:00

Components of crystals in the trigonal system, like those of the hexagonal system, are located by reference to four axes—three of equal length with 120° intersections and one perpendicular to the plane

Van Gennip, Yvonne

2005-04-03T09:33:00.000-07:00

At the start of the 1988 Games in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, much of the attention in the women's speed-skating competition was focused on the East German team, which had dominated at the previous Olympics, capturing

Kikwit

2005-04-03T04:22:00.000-07:00

Town and river port, southwestern Congo (Kinshasa). It lies along the Kwilu River, which is a tributary of the Kasai River. European settlement of the site began in 1901, and the town became a colonial administrative centre about 1910. Kikwit is now the largest community in the area. The production of palm oil and kernels, cassava, peanuts (groundnuts), and corn (maize) has replaced rubber

Cariboo Mountains

2005-04-02T14:06:00.000-08:00

Range in eastern British Columbia, Canada, forming the northern subdivision of the Columbia Mountains. The Cariboo Mountains lie within an area enclosed by the great bend of the Fraser River and its tributary, the North Thompson. The mountains extend for about 190 miles (305 km) and parallel the Rocky Mountain Trench, which separates them from the Canadian Rockies. From Mount

Afranius, Lucius

2005-04-01T03:44:00.000-08:00

In 60 BC, chiefly by Pompey's support, Afranius was raised to the consulship, in which office he proved himself incompetent to manage civil affairs. In the following year, while governor of Cisalpine Gaul, he obtained a triumph; and, on the allotment of Spain to Pompey (55 BC), Afranius

Accent

2005-03-31T19:06:00.000-08:00

Also called Stress, in music, momentary emphasis on a particular rhythmic or melodic detail; accent may be implied or specifically indicated, either graphically for example, >, —) or verbally (sforzato, abbreviated sfz). In metrically organized music, accents serve to articulate rhythmic groupings, especially in dances where regular accentuation facilitates the patterning of steps.

Furniture, Near East and classical antiquity

2005-03-31T09:27:00.000-08:00

A. Lucas, Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries, 3rd ed. (1948), indispensable; Howard Carter and A.C. Mace, The Tomb of Thut-Ankh-Amen, 3 vol. (1923–27); Gisela H. Richter, The Furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans (1966), the standard reference work in this area.

Cherwell

2005-03-30T13:55:00.000-08:00

District, administrative and historic county of Oxfordshire, south-central England, occupying an area of 228 square miles (590 square km). The River Cherwell and the Oxford Canal extend north from Oxford city and bisect the district. Predominantly rural, Cherwell is a lowland area bordering the limestone Cotswold Hills on the west and the North Oxfordshire Heights on the

Saale Glacial Stage

2005-03-30T07:12:00.000-08:00

Division of Pleistocene deposits and time in northern Europe (the Pleistocene Epoch began about 1,600,000 years ago and ended about 10,000 years ago). The Saale Glacial Stage followed the Holstein Interglacial Stage and preceded the Eemian Interglacial Stage, both relatively mild climatic periods. The extensive and complex Saale deposits are correlated with the Gipping Glacial

Felony And Misdemeanour

2005-03-29T04:41:00.000-08:00

U.S. jurisdictions generally distinguish between felonies and misdemeanours. A class of minor offenses that may be described as petty offenses or quasi-crimes is also recognized. These last offenses are created by local ordinance, and the requirement of trial

öz Beg

2005-03-28T19:28:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Uzbek, in full Ghiyath Al-din Muhammad Öz Beg Mongol leader and khan of the Golden Horde, or Kipchak empire, of southern Russia, under whom it attained its greatest power; he reigned from 1312 to 1341. Öz Beg was a convert to Islam, but he also welcomed Christian missionaries from western Europe into his realm. Öz Beg encouraged the predominance of the princes of Moscow among his Christian vassals; his name survives

Biblical Literature, The Sibylline Oracles

2005-03-27T17:20:00.000-08:00

The Sibylline Oracles is a collection of oracles in Greek verse containing pagan, Jewish, and Christian material from various periods. It comprised 15 books (books IX, X, and XV are lost), of which 4,240 verses are extant. Sibyl is the name (or title) of a legendary ancient pagan prophetess. In the Hellenistic period, eastern nations fabricated Sibylline oracles as propagandistic

Wainganga River

2005-03-27T14:34:00.000-08:00

River, tributary of the Godavari River, western India. It rises in the Mahadeo Hills in south-central Madhya Pradesh state and flows 360 miles (580 km) south to join the Wardha River (a headwater of the Godavari) northeast of Kagaznagar in Maharashtra state. Along the final 142 miles (229 km) of its course, the river forms the boundary between Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh states and is known as

Bükk Mountains

2005-03-26T19:16:00.000-08:00

A southward-projecting spur of the Carpathian Mountains, in northeastern Hungary. It comprises a forested highland area extending some 30 miles (50 km) from the Tarna River on the west to the Sajó River in the east and 20 miles (32 km) from north to south. Maximum elevation is reached at Mount Istállósko (3,146 feet [959 m]). The central core of the Bükk is a 12.5-by-4.5-mile (20-by-7-kilometre) limestone plateau

Bulgarian Literature

2005-03-26T09:10:00.000-08:00

Body of writings in the Bulgarian language. Its origin is closely linked to Christianization of the Slavs beginning with Khan (Tsar) Boris I's adoption in 864 of the Eastern Orthodox rather than Latin faith for his court and people. This political decision, combined with geographical proximity to Byzantium, determined a key role for Bulgarian in the Balkan development

Baha' Al-din

2005-03-25T20:50:00.000-08:00

In July 1188, after making the pilgrimage to Mecca, Baha' al-Din entered the service of Saladin, who was waging war against the Christians in Palestine. Baha' al-Din sought Saladin's favour by urging him to the vigorous prosecution

Adamawa

2005-03-24T23:23:00.000-08:00

The Mandara Mountains lie in the northeastern part of the state along the Cameroon border,

The Environment

2005-03-24T23:19:00.000-08:00

To the surprise of professional horticulturists, computers had a large impact on the field in 1997. Academics led the way, and numerous universities in industrialized countries converted their reference resources to on-line, searchable form, making them freely available via the World Wide Web. The types of information that were obtained from these sites included

Furniture, Other accessory furnishings

2005-03-24T13:59:00.000-08:00

Small utility objects constitute an important part of the furnishing of interiors. Several of them are the work of cabinetmakers; for example, boxes for writing paper and playing cards, caskets for letters and documents, trays for serving or presentation. Accessory furnishings include the various articles, large and small, that are employed in the course of domestic

Kiriwina Islands

2005-03-23T19:35:00.000-08:00

Also called Trobriand Islands coral formations in the Solomon Sea of the southwestern Pacific, Papua New Guinea, 90 miles (145 km) north of the southeasternmost extension of the island of New Guinea. The low-lying group, all of coralline limestone and many fringed by coral reefs, comprises four larger islands, Kiriwina (Trobriand), Kaileuna, Vakuta, and Kitava, and several islets, with a total land area of about

China, Mineral resources

2005-03-22T08:29:00.000-08:00

China is well endowed with mineral resources, the most important of which is coal. Although deposits are widely scattered (some coal is found in every province), most of the total is located in the northern part of the country. The province of Shansi, in fact, is thought to contain about half of the total; other important coal-bearing provinces include Heilungkiang, Liaoning,

Liquid

2005-03-21T18:52:00.000-08:00

In physics, one of the three principal states of matter, intermediate between gas and crystalline solid.

Biblical Literature, III Baruch

2005-03-21T18:05:00.000-08:00

Apocalyptic literature was much concerned about sources of information about the heavenly world and about the places of the damned and saved souls. In later Jewish and early Christian apocalypses, in which the hero undertakes a heavenly trip and sees the secrets that are hidden from others, these sources of information are highly significant. III Baruch, a book

Amphipolis

2005-03-21T01:44:00.000-08:00

Ancient Greek city on the Strymon (Strimón) River about three miles from the Aegean Sea, in Macedonia. A strategic transportation centre, it controlled the bridge over the Strymon and the route from northern Greece to the Hellespont, including the western approach to the timber, gold, and silver of Mount Pangaeum in Thrace. Originally a Thracian town (Ennea Hodoi, “Nine

Arab-israeli Wars

2005-03-20T18:04:00.000-08:00

The first war immediately followed the proclamation of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948. Arab forces from Egypt, Transjordan, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon occupied the areas in southern and eastern Palestine not apportioned to the Jews, then captured the small Jewish quarter of the Old City of Jerusalem

Breccia

2005-03-20T03:14:00.000-08:00

There are three categories of breccia: sedimentary, pyroclastic or igneous, and cataclastic. The constituent fragments may be of one lithology such as a rock fractured in position, or of many

Zedillo, Ernesto

2005-03-19T14:57:00.000-08:00

Reared in a working-class family in Mexicali, Mexico, just south of the California border, Zedillo returned to his native Mexico City in 1965 to study at the National Polytechnic Institute. In 1971 he joined the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the dominant political party in Mexico since 1929. Zedillo also studied

Nilotic Languages

2005-03-19T13:55:00.000-08:00

The Nilotic languages are usually divided into a Western group (containing

Boiling Point

2005-03-18T14:39:00.000-08:00

At any temperature a liquid partly vaporizes into the space above it until the pressure exerted

Ustaa

2005-03-18T06:29:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Ustasha , plural Ustaše Croatian fascist movement that nominally ruled the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. In 1929, when King Alexander I tried to suppress the conflict between Croatian and Serbian political parties by imposing a personal dictatorial regime in Yugoslavia, Ante Pavelic, a former delegate to Parliament and an advocate of Croatian separatism, fled to Italy

Mulaydah, Battle Of Al-

2005-03-17T21:15:00.000-08:00

The Wahhabi prince 'Abd Allah lost many of the territories that his father, Faysal (reigned 1834–65), had acquired by conquest

Smith, Hoke

2005-03-17T09:23:00.000-08:00

Admitted to the bar in 1873, Smith practiced law in Atlanta and became active in local Democratic politics. He published the Atlanta Journal (1887–1900), which he used as a forum to champion virtually all progressive measures of the period, with the notable exception

Interior Design, Commercial interiors

2005-03-16T01:54:00.000-08:00

Contemporary designers are much involved with commercial spaces—such as stores, hotels, motels, and restaurants. Many designers and design firms specialize in highly specific spaces such as restaurants, and others may become specialists in the design of showrooms for the garment industry. Frequently, the design of a restaurant, shop, or hotel must be keyed to a theme.

Aeschylus

2005-03-15T15:37:00.000-08:00

One of a trilogy of unconnected tragedies presented in 472 BC, Persians (Greek Persai) is unique among surviving tragedies in that it dramatizes recent history rather than events from the distant age of mythical heroes. The play treats the decisive repulse of the Persians from Greece in 480, in particular their defeat at the Battle of Salamis. The play is set in the Persian capital,

Vietnam, Climate

2005-03-15T11:55:00.000-08:00

The northern part of Vietnam is on the edge of the tropical climatic zone. During January, the coldest month of the year, Hanoi has a mean temperature of 63° F (17° C), while the annual average temperature is 74° F (23° C). Farther south, the average annual temperature in Hue is 77° F (25° C) and in Ho Chi Minh City is 81° F (27° C); in the highland city of Da Lat, it drops to 70° F (21° C). The winter season in northern Vietnam lasts

Dyer, Sir James

2005-03-15T11:02:00.000-08:00

Dyer's work, comprising three volumes of

Setouchi

2005-03-14T06:21:00.000-08:00

Industrial region, southern Japan. Setouchi includes the southern portion of Chugoku chiho (region) on the island of Honshu, the northern part of Shikoku, and many nearby industrial areas on islands of the Inland Sea. Setouchi is neither an administrative nor a political entity; it includes portions of the ken (prefectures) of Okayama, Hiroshima, and Yamaguchi on Honshu,

Paedogenesis

2005-03-13T23:51:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Pedogenesis, reproduction by sexually mature larvae, usually without fertilization. The young may be eggs, such as are produced by Miastor, a genus of gall midge flies, or other larval forms, as in the case of some flukes. This form of reproduction is distinct from neotenic reproduction in its parthenogenetic nature (i.e., no fertilization occurs) and the eventual maturation or metamorphosis

United Arab Emirates

2005-03-13T20:10:00.000-08:00

In the late 18th and early 19th centuries the dominant tribal faction was the Al-Qawasim (singular: Qasimi), whose ships controlled the maritime commerce (notably fishing and pearling) concentrated in

Deutsche Blumen

2005-03-13T01:24:00.000-08:00

English German flowers in pottery, floral decoration consisting of naturalistically painted “German” (i.e., European) flowers appearing individually or in bouquets. Although Viennese potters had produced a type of naturalistic floral decoration about 1730, deutsche Blumen became popular only after they had appeared on Meissen porcelain, produced from about 1740. The flowers used to decorate

Prestea

2005-03-12T19:42:00.000-08:00

Town, Western Region, southwestern Ghana, West Africa, on the west bank of the Ankobra River, about 60 mi (100 km) northwest of Cape coast. It is linked by railroad with Tarkwa and with Sekondi-Takoradi, both to the southeast. Prestea is a centre of trade for the surrounding agricultural region, which produces rice, cassava, corn (maize), taro, and timber. Industries produce beverages,

Anthropology And Archaeology, Western Hemisphere.

2005-03-12T09:40:00.000-08:00

Recent archaeological discoveries continued in 1999 to shed light on the first Americans and pre-Columbian civilizations and also on more recent American history. In regard to the latter, English colonist Mistress Ann Forest, wife of Thomas Forest, arrived at Jamestown, Va., in 1608 with her husband but died within a year. She and her maid were the only two women at Jamestown

Mclean, Alice Throckmorton

2005-03-12T09:02:00.000-08:00

McLean traveled widely as a child, mastered several languages, and was educated privately. An early marriage

Pacheco Pereira, Duarte

2005-03-12T00:44:00.000-08:00

Pacheco Pereira, reared at the Portuguese court, was an educated man, serving as a squire to King John

Earring

2005-03-10T10:20:00.000-08:00

A personal ornament worn pendent from the ear, usually suspended by means of a ring or hook passing through a pierced hole in the lobe of the ear or, in modern times, often by means of a screwed clip on the lobe. The impulse to decorate or to modify the appearance of the ear seems to be almost universal. In general, usage appears to call for wearing earrings in pairs, the two

Unification Church

2005-03-09T19:34:00.000-08:00

Born in 1920, Moon was raised in the Presbyterian church, which eventually excommunicated him for heresy. As a teenager he had a

Cimon Of Cleonae

2005-03-09T11:01:00.000-08:00

Although Cimon has been dated to the 8th century BC, the fact would seem

Cle Elum River

2005-03-09T07:12:00.000-08:00

Watercourse, central Washington, U.S., rising in the Cascade Range. The river flows generally south through Cle Elum Lake, thence southeast past Cle Elum, joining the Yakima River of the Columbia River system after a course of about 28 miles (45 km). The fast-flowing river is a favourite destination for white-water rafting and kayaking; its name derives from the Yakima Indian

China, Fine arts

2005-03-08T18:01:00.000-08:00

In the realm of the arts, the Ming period has long been esteemed for the variety and high quality of its state-sponsored craft goods—cloisonné and, particularly, porcelain wares. The sober, delicate monochrome porcelains of the Sung dynasty were now superseded by rich, decorative polychrome wares. The best known of these are of blue-on-white decor, which gradually changed

Gable

2005-03-08T01:05:00.000-08:00

The architectural treatment of a gable results from the effort to find an aesthetically pleasing solution to the problem of keeping water out of the intersection of walls and roof. This is accomplished either by

Florence

2005-03-07T14:03:00.000-08:00

City, seat of Lauderdale county, northwestern Alabama, U.S. It lies on the Tennessee River about 65 miles (105 km) west of Huntsville, forming with Sheffield, Tuscumbia, and Muscle Shoals a four-city metropolitan area in the Muscle Shoals region. Settlers first arrived and established a trading post there about 1779. The area was later purchased by a land company whose stockholders

Sankt Wolfgang

2005-03-06T22:03:00.000-08:00

Also called Sankt Wolfgang Im Salzkammergut, town, Oberösterreich Bundesland (federal state), central Austria. It lies on the east shore of Wolfgang (Aber) Lake in the Salzkammergut lake region, west of Bad Ischl. A cog, or rack, railway ascends the Schafberg (5,850 feet [1,783 m]) from the town. The Late Gothic-style Pilgrimage Church (1430–77) has a magnificent carved wooden altar (1481) by the sculptor Michael Pacher. The town's Zum Weissen Rossl

Algeria, Mining

2005-03-06T09:32:00.000-08:00

The main mining centres are at Ouenza and Djebel Onk near the eastern border with Tunisia and at El-Abed in the west, the latter the source of most of Algeria's zinc and lead production. Nearly all of the country's substantial output of high-grade iron ore from the open-cut works at Ouenza is used to supply the domestic steel industry. About one-third of Djebel Onk's phosphate

Gabrilowitsch, Ossip (salomonovich)

2005-03-05T07:03:00.000-08:00

After study with two of the outstanding pianists of his day—Anton Rubinstein in St. Petersburg and Theodor Leschetizky in Vienna—Gabrilowitsch toured widely in Europe and the United States. In 1909 he married Mark Twain's daughter, the singer Clara Clemens,

China, Fine arts

2005-03-05T03:12:00.000-08:00

Small to medium-sized herbivorous dinosaurs that flourished about 115 million to 110 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous Period. Hypsilophodon was up to 2 metres (6.5 feet) long and weighed about 60 kg (130 pounds). It had short arms with five fingers on each hand and was equipped with much longer four-toed hind feet. In its mouth was a set of high, grooved, self-sharpening cheek

France, History Of, Financial crisis

2005-03-04T21:49:00.000-08:00

The aftermath of the Ruhr occupation was to cast doubt on its apparent success. The German republic was weakened by the runaway inflation of 1923 and its future clouded; the occupation had embittered Britain and the United States. Even among Frenchmen, the victory had left a sour aftertaste because the costs of the occupation forced an increase in French taxes. In the

Holbein Rug

2005-03-04T02:42:00.000-08:00

A different series, probably made in another area, have fields subdivided into rectangular panels, each

Magdalena

2005-03-03T11:22:00.000-08:00

Also called Magdalena Contreras, or Contreras, delegación (district), west-central Federal District, central Mexico. It lies along the Magdalena River near Cerro Ajusco. Although once simply the commercial centre for the cereals, beans, fruits, and livestock produced in the surrounding area, Magdalena gained prominence as the site of a battle (Aug. 19–20, 1847) in the Mexican War (1846–48) that enabled the U.S. general Winfield Scott to

Paul Iii

2005-03-03T04:43:00.000-08:00

Original name Alessandro Farnese Italian noble who was the last of the Renaissance popes (reigned 1534–49) and the first pope of the Counter-Reformation. The worldly Paul III was a notable patron of the arts and at the same time encouraged the beginning of the reform movement that was to affect deeply the Roman Catholic Church in the later 16th century. He called the Council of

Analytic Geometry, General classes of curves

2005-03-02T11:34:00.000-08:00

Caustic is an envelope of rays; more specifically, when the light rays emanating from a source are reflected by a given curve, the envelope of the reflected rays is the caustic by reflection, or catacaustic, of the given curve with respect to the source in question. When the rays from a source are refracted by a given curve, the envelope of refracted rays is called the caustic

Italy

2005-03-02T07:16:00.000-08:00

The first major power in the peninsula was the Etruscans. From Etruria, Etruscan

Alcock, Sir John William

2005-03-01T11:31:00.000-08:00

Alcock received his pilot's certificate in 1912 and joined the Royal Naval Air Service as an instructor at the opening of World War I. In 1916 he was posted to a wing group of the Eastern Mediterranean theatre, based at Munros. During

Mosher, Eliza Maria

2005-03-01T05:36:00.000-08:00

In 1869, over the objections of friends and family, Mosher entered the New England Hospital for Women and Children as an intern apprentice. After a year she was forced to suspend her education

Hungary, The Kádár regime

2005-02-28T15:43:00.000-08:00

In the first uncertain weeks of his regime Kádár made many promises. Workers' councils were to be given a large amount of control in the factories and mines. Compulsory deliveries of farm produce were to be abolished, and no compulsion, direct or indirect, was to be put on the peasants to enter the collectives. The five-year plan was to be revised to permit more production

San Salvador

2005-02-28T11:45:00.000-08:00

Capital of El Salvador, on the Río Ace Chaute in the Valle de las Hamacas (Valley of the Hammocks) at an altitude of 2,238 ft (682 m). San Salvador Volcano is 7 mi (11 km) west-northwest. Founded near Suchitoto in 1525 by the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado, it was moved 20 mi southwest to its present site in 1528 and was declared a city in 1546. San Salvador served as capital of the colonial province of

Mardi Gras

2005-02-28T08:30:00.000-08:00

(French: Fat Tuesday), festive day celebrated in France on the Tuesday (Shrove Tuesday; q.v.) before Ash Wednesday, which marks the close of the pre-Lenten season. In the United States the festival is most elaborately celebrated in New Orleans. See carnival.

Buddhism, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity

2005-02-27T06:25:00.000-08:00

As Mahayana developed,

Wren-babbler

2005-02-26T09:01:00.000-08:00

Any of about 20 species of small Asian birds belonging to the babbler family Timaliidae (order Passeriformes). They are 10 to 15 centimetres (4 to 6 inches) long, rather short-tailed, and have a rather short and straight bill. These features differentiate wren-babblers from the closely related scimitar-babblers. Wren-babblers occur chiefly in southern Asia. An example is the streaked

Carnivore, Natural history

2005-02-26T07:09:00.000-08:00

Members of the families Otariidae (eared seals), Odobenidae (walrus), and Phocidae (earless seals), commonly called pinnipeds, are strictly carnivorous and mostly marine. A few venture up freshwater rivers, and two forms (Pusa species) are landlocked on inland lakes. Pinnipeds are amphibious, being aquatic as to food habits but terrestrial for mating, bearing young, and

Mountain, Residual mountain ranges and thermally uplifted belts

2005-02-26T04:24:00.000-08:00

Although isolated mountains and mountainous terrains exist on all continents, most mountain belts not part of either the Circum-Pacific or the Alpine-Himalayan systems either are composed of residual mountains or owe their existences to localized thermally induced uplifts. Most such linear belts are residual ranges. The Appalachians in the eastern United

Mammal

2005-02-26T02:51:00.000-08:00

The evolution of the Mammalia has produced tremendous diversity in form and habits. Living kinds range in size from a bat weighing less than a gram and tiny shrews that weigh but a few grams, to the largest animal that has ever lived, the blue whale, which reaches a length of more than 30 meters (100 feet) and a weight of 136,000 kilograms (150 tons). Every major habitat has been invaded by mammals

Bahubali

2005-02-24T15:56:00.000-08:00

After winning a duel with his half-brother for control of the kingdom, Bahubali is believed by the Jains to have realized the transience of temporal affairs and renounced the world. According

Spontini, Gaspare (luigi Pacifico)

2005-02-24T04:30:00.000-08:00

Entering the Conservatorio della Pietà dei Turchini in Naples in 1793, he studied music with Nicola Sala

Braddon, Mary Elizabeth

2005-02-23T19:58:00.000-08:00

The daughter of a solicitor in Cornwall and the sister of a prime minister of Tasmania, Braddon received a private education. She produced her first novel, The Trail of the Serpent, in 1861. In the same year appeared Garibaldi and Other

Athis-mons

2005-02-23T01:09:00.000-08:00

Town, southern suburb of Paris, in Essonne département, Île-de-France région, northern France. Athis-Mons lies near the confluence of the Orge and Seine rivers and is bisected by the N7 road artery leading to the centre of Paris. It was ancient Attegais, later Athis-sur-Orge, where a treaty of that name was signed in 1305 by the king of France and the count of Flanders. A Romanesque

Braddon, Mary Elizabeth

2005-02-22T14:40:00.000-08:00

French Agence Spatiale Européenne (ASE) western European space and space-technology research organization founded in 1975 from the merger of the European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) and the European Space Research Organisation (ESRO), both established in 1964. Members include Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Shiga Kiyoshi

2005-02-22T02:36:00.000-08:00

Shiga graduated from the University of Tokyo in 1896. Two years earlier he had begun work with Kitasato Shibasaburo, who had discovered the tetanus bacillus. In 1899 Shiga was appointed laboratory director at the Institute for

Sokoto River

2005-02-21T23:47:00.000-08:00

Also called Kebbi River, river in northwestern Nigeria, rising just south of Funtua on the northern plateau. It flows northwestward in a wide arc for 200 miles (320 km) to Sokoto town, west of which the Rima River joins it in its lower course to its confluence with the Niger River east of Illo. The alluvial valley and plains formed by the Sokoto River are extensively cultivated; peanuts (groundnuts), cotton,

Heterophony

2005-02-21T17:14:00.000-08:00

In music, texture resulting from simultaneous performances of melodic variants of the same tune, typical of Middle Eastern practices as well as of a vast array of folk music. Balkan Slavic epic singers, for example, accompany themselves heterophonically on the gusle (fiddle). In Persian art music, instrumentalists are expected to vary the singers' improvised lines.

Argentina, Domestic politics

2005-02-20T09:05:00.000-08:00

The new governor saw clearly the ambiguities and dangers of such widespread support, and, although he was identified as a federalist, he ruled as a centralist, with Buenos Aires as his main power base. Rosas manipulated factions of labourers, gauchos, and elites from the estancias and set himself up as the arbiter of a delicate and constantly threatened balance between

Encke, Johann Franz

2005-02-20T05:57:00.000-08:00

Encke was educated at Hamburg and the University of Göttingen, where he worked under the direction of Carl Friedrich Gauss. In 1816 Encke became assistant at the Seeberg Observatory near Gotha, Ger., where he was made vice director in 1820 and director

Naftah

2005-02-19T21:04:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Nefta, oasis town, southwestern Tunisia. It lies on the northwest shore of Al-Jarid saline lake, which is an important source of phosphates. It was known to the Romans as Aggarsel Nepte. Naftah has many small mosques and is a date-growing and trans-Saharan transport centre. The larger oasis of Tawzar (Tozeur) is 15 miles (24 km) east-northeast. Pop. (1984) 15,511; (1989 est.) 17,216.

K2

2005-02-18T21:35:00.000-08:00

Also called Mount Godwin Austen , called locally Dapsang , or Chogori

Yang Ti

2005-02-18T17:45:00.000-08:00

He acceded to the throne in 604, and it is generally agreed that he did so after assassinating his father and his elder brother. Embarking on a costly program of construction and conquest, in 608 he built a great canal between the rice-producing areas

Esref Dynasty

2005-02-18T10:42:00.000-08:00

The dynasty traced its origins to a Turkmen tribe that was settled by the Seljuqs of Anatolia on the western frontier. The family's founder, Esref oglu Sayfeddin Süleyman I, was a Seljuq emir who played an important role in Seljuq dynastic struggles during the reign (1283–98) of the Seljuq sultan Mas'ud

Arts, Islamic, Decentralization of Islamic literatures

2005-02-17T15:29:00.000-08:00

Safavid Iran, as it happened, lost most of its artists and poets to the neighbouring countries: there were no great masters of poetry in Iran between the 16th and 18th centuries. And while the Persian Shah Esma'il wrote Turkish mystical verses, his contemporary and enemy, Sultan Selim I of Turkey (died 1520), composed quite elegant Persian ghazals. Babur (died 1530), in turn, composed his autobiography

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (134080)

2005-02-16T11:47:00.000-08:00

Italy's thriving economy was shortly to meet severe challenges. Among these, first, were famines, which affected most of Italy in the years 1339–40, 1346–47, 1352–53, and 1374–75, and to these catastrophes were added a general expansion and intensification of war. The 13th century saw the diffusion of the crossbow, whose bolt far surpassed the arrow of the longbow in its power to penetrate. The crossbow

Atar

2005-02-16T02:02:00.000-08:00

Town, west-central Mauritania. It is an oasis and a caravan stopping point and lies on a road leading southwest to Nouakchott, the national capital. The oasis produces dates and grains and supports cattle, sheep, and goat grazing. Atar is the site of an airstrip; it also has a school for traditional weaving, and it is an important source of rugs. Pop. (1977) 16,326; (1988) 21,366.

Fenton, Elijah

2005-02-15T11:49:00.000-08:00

After graduating from Cambridge, Fenton became a teacher. He was promised the patronage of Henry St. John (later 1st Viscount Bolingbroke) and hence resigned the

Self-determination

2005-02-15T04:23:00.000-08:00

The process by which a group of people, usually possessing a certain degree of national consciousness, form their own state and choose their own government. As a political principle, the idea of self-determination evolved at first as a by-product of the doctrine of nationalism, to which early expression was given by the French and American revolutions. In World War

Carleton, Mount

2005-02-14T23:11:00.000-08:00

Highest point (2,680 feet [817 m]) in the Maritime Provinces (New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island) of Canada, 70 miles (110 km) east of Edmundston, N.B., near Nictau and Nepisiguit lakes. Structurally it is a monadnock, or erosional remnant, rising above the 1,000-foot (305-metre) level of the surrounding highlands, which are an extension of the Appalachian region. The mountain, focus of a

Han-k'ou

2005-02-14T22:09:00.000-08:00

Pinyin Hankou , conventional Hankow large urban area and river port in Wu-han Municipality (shih), Hupeh Province (sheng), central China. Located on the left bank of the Han Shui (river) at its confluence with the Yangtze, it is the largest of the three Wu-han (q.v.) cities (Han-k'ou, Han-yang, and Wu-ch'ang). It was founded as Hsia-k'ou under the Sung dynasty (960–1279). Han-k'ou was one of the first Chinese cities opened to foreign trade

Cohen, Leonard

2005-02-14T05:52:00.000-08:00

Already established as a poet and novelist (his first book of poems, Let Us Compare Mythologies, was published in 1956), Cohen became interested in the Greenwich Village folk scene while living in New York

Jabalpur

2005-02-13T17:55:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Jubbulpore city, central Madhya Pradesh state, central India. Jabalpur lies just north of the Narmada River in a rocky basin surrounded by low hills that are dotted with lakes and temples. On one of the hills stands the Madan Mahal, an old Gond castle. Garha, just west, was the chief city of the four independent Gond kingdoms that arose in the 14th century. Jabalpur was selected as Maratha headquarters

Kumarajiva

2005-02-12T22:46:00.000-08:00

Before his ordination at the

Genet, Jean

2005-02-12T21:49:00.000-08:00

Genet, an illegitimate child abandoned by his mother, Gabrielle Genet,

Sergipe

2005-02-12T07:58:00.000-08:00

Smallest estado (“state”) of Brazil, located on the southern coast of that country's northeastern bulge into the Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the east by the Atlantic, on the south and west by the state of Bahia, and on the north by the state of Alagoas, from which it is separated by the São Francisco River. Sergipe has an area of 8,492 square miles (21,994 square km), and the state capital

Agnihotri, Shiv Narayan

2005-02-11T17:46:00.000-08:00

At the age of 16 Agnihotri entered the government-sponsored Thompson Engineering College in Roorkee and in 1873 took a position as a drawing master in the Government School of Lahore. He and his wife became active members of the Brahmo Samaj (literally, “Society

ShutForest

Number Game, The brakeman, the fireman, and the engineer

Chelyabinsk

Trigonal System

Van Gennip, Yvonne

Kikwit

Cariboo Mountains

Afranius, Lucius

Accent

Furniture, Near East and classical antiquity

Cherwell

Saale Glacial Stage

Felony And Misdemeanour

öz Beg

Biblical Literature, The Sibylline Oracles

Wainganga River

Bükk Mountains

Bulgarian Literature

Baha' Al-din

Adamawa

The Environment

Furniture, Other accessory furnishings

Kiriwina Islands

China, Mineral resources

Liquid

Biblical Literature, III Baruch

Amphipolis

Arab-israeli Wars

Breccia

Zedillo, Ernesto

Nilotic Languages

Boiling Point

Ustaa

Mulaydah, Battle Of Al-

Smith, Hoke

Interior Design, Commercial interiors

Aeschylus

Vietnam, Climate

Dyer, Sir James

Setouchi

Paedogenesis

United Arab Emirates

Deutsche Blumen

Prestea

Anthropology And Archaeology, Western Hemisphere.

Mclean, Alice Throckmorton

Pacheco Pereira, Duarte

Earring

Unification Church

Cimon Of Cleonae

Cle Elum River

China, Fine arts

Gable

Florence

Sankt Wolfgang

Algeria, Mining

Gabrilowitsch, Ossip (salomonovich)

China, Fine arts

France, History Of, Financial crisis

Holbein Rug

Magdalena

Paul Iii

Analytic Geometry, General classes of curves

Italy

Alcock, Sir John William

Mosher, Eliza Maria

Hungary, The Kádár regime

San Salvador

Mardi Gras

Buddhism, The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity

Wren-babbler

Carnivore, Natural history

Mountain, Residual mountain ranges and thermally uplifted belts

Mammal

Bahubali

Spontini, Gaspare (luigi Pacifico)

Braddon, Mary Elizabeth

Athis-mons

Braddon, Mary Elizabeth

Shiga Kiyoshi

Ustaa

Italy, Famine, war, and plague (134080)